Charles Xii Of Sweden Anime Charles Xii Of Sweden Hair

Charles Xii Of Sweden Anime Charles Xii Of Sweden Hair

King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718

King of Sweden

Charles XII
Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud c. 1715
Rex of Sweden
Reign	5 Apr 1697 – xxx November 1718 O.Southward.[1]
Coronation	14 December 1697
Predecessor	Charles 11
Successor	Ulrika Eleonora
Born	17 June 1682 Tre Kronor, Sweden
Died	30 November 1718(1718-xi-30) (anile 36)[1] Fredrikshald, Kingdom of norway
Burial	26 February 1719 Riddarholmen Church building, Stockholm
House	Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Father	Charles XI of Sweden
Mother	Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
Religion	Lutheran
Signature

Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII (Swedish: Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.^[ane]), was Male monarch of Sweden (including current Republic of finland) from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the Firm of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of Wittelsbach. Charles was the but surviving son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He assumed ability, later on a seven-month caretaker regime, at the age of fifteen.^[2]

In 1700, a triple alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony–Poland–Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Livonia and Ingria, aiming to draw advantage as the Swedish Empire was unaligned and ruled by a immature and inexperienced king, thus initiating the Dandy Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the brotherhood Charles won multiple victories despite being ordinarily significantly outnumbered. A major victory over a Russian army some iii times the size in 1700 at the Battle of Narva compelled Peter the Great to sue for peace, an offer which Charles later on rejected. By 1706 Charles, now 24 years old, had forced all of his foes into submission including, in that year, a decisively devastating victory by Swedish forces under general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld over a combined army of Saxony and Russian federation at the Battle of Fraustadt. Russia was at present the sole remaining hostile power.

Charles' subsequent march on Moscow met with initial success as victory followed victory, the about significant of which was the Battle of Holowczyn where the smaller Swedish army routed a Russian army twice the size. The campaign ended with disaster when the Swedish army suffered heavy losses to a Russian forcefulness more than twice its size at Poltava. Charles had been incapacitated by a wound prior to the battle, rendering him unable to take command. The defeat was followed by the Surrender at Perevolochna. Charles spent the following years in exile in the Ottoman Empire before returning to lead an set on on Kingdom of norway, trying to evict the Danish rex from the war in one case more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. 2 campaigns met with frustration and ultimate failure, concluding with his expiry at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718. At the time, near of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was however free. This situation was later formalized, albeit chastened in the subsequent Treaty of Nystad. The result was the end of the Swedish Empire, and too of its finer organized absolute monarchy and military, commencing a parliamentary government unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by Gustav III.^[3]

Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well every bit an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts, he is quoted by Voltaire as proverb upon the outbreak of the war; "I have resolved never to showtime an unjust war but never to stop a legitimate i except past defeating my enemies". With the state of war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children. He was succeeded by his sis Ulrika Eleonora, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and opted to surrender the throne to her husband, who became King Frederick I of Sweden.^[iv]

Regal title [edit]

The 15-twelvemonth-old Charles in 1697 as rex of the Swedish Empire

Charles, similar all kings, was styled past a purple title, which combined all his titles into one unmarried phrase. This was:

We Charles, by the Grace of God King of Sweden, the Goths and the Vends, Grand Duke of Finland, Knuckles of Scania, Estonia, Livonia and Karelia, Lord of Ingria, Duke of Bremen, Verden and Pomerania, Prince of Rügen and Lord of Wismar, and also Count Palatine by the Rhine, Duke in Bavaria, Count of Zweibrücken–Kleeburg, every bit well as Duke of Jülich, Cleve and Berg, Count of Veldenz, Spanheim and Ravensberg and Lord of Ravenstein.^[5]

The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the 12th rex of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings Erik Xiv (1560–1568) and Charles Nine (1604–1611) gave themselves numerals after studying a mythological history of Sweden. He was actually the 6th King Charles.^[half-dozen] The non-mathematical numbering tradition continues with the current King of Sweden, Carl 16 Gustaf, being counted as the equivalent of Charles Sixteen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Great Northern State of war [edit]

Early campaigns [edit]

Monument to Charles XII in Stockholm, with Charles pointing towards Russian federation. Stockholmers phone call this statue "the king of beasts amidst four pots" ("Lejonet mellan fyra krukor") referring to the mortars. This contrasts with a nearby statue of Charles Xiii which has lions similarly arranged; that statue is known as "the pot amidst four lions" ("Krukan mellan fyra lejon"), referring to a Swedish slang expression for a klutz.^[7]

Around 1700, the monarchs of Denmark–Norway, Saxony (ruled past elector Baronial Ii of Poland, who was also the king of Poland-Lithuania) and Russia united in an brotherhood against Sweden, largely through the efforts of Johann Reinhold Patkul, a Livonian nobleman who turned traitor when the "corking reduction" of Charles Eleven in 1680 stripped much of the nobility of lands and properties. In late 1699 Charles sent a minor disengagement to reinforce his brother-in-law Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp, who was attacked by Danish forces the following year. A Saxon regular army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia and in Feb 1700 surrounded Riga, the most populous city of the Swedish Empire. Russian federation also declared war (August 1700), but stopped brusque of an set on on Swedish Ingria until September 1700.^[8]

Charles's first campaign was against Denmark–Norway, ruled by his cousin Frederick IV of Denmark, For this entrada Charles secured the support of England and kingdom of the netherlands, both maritime powers concerned with Denmark's threats as well close to the Audio. Leading a force of 8,000 and 43 ships in an invasion of Zealand, Charles rapidly compelled the Danes to submit to the Peace of Travendal in Baronial 1700, which indemnified Holstein.^[nine] Having forced Denmark–Norway to make peace within months, Male monarch Charles turned his attention upon the two other powerful neighbors, King August II (cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick 4 of Denmark–Kingdom of norway) and Peter the Cracking of Russia, who also had entered the state of war confronting him, ironically on the aforementioned twenty-four hours that Denmark came to terms.^[8]

Russia had opened their role of the state of war by invading the Swedish-held territories of Livonia and Estonia. Charles countered this by attacking the Russian besiegers at the Battle of Narva (November 1700). The Russians outnumbered the Swedish regular army of x thousand men by almost iv to i. Charles attacked under encompass of a blizzard, effectively divide the Russian ground forces in 2 and won the battle. Many of Peter'southward troops who fled the battlefield drowned in the Narva River. The total number of Russian fatalities reached nigh 10,000 at the end of the battle, while the Swedish forces lost 667 men.^[10]

Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned confronting Poland-Lithuania, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Shine negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Shine king Augustus II and his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow in 1702 and captured many cities of the Republic. Afterward the deposition of Augustus as king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Charles XII put Stanisław Leszczyński every bit his puppet on the Polish throne (1704).^[eleven]

Russian resurgence [edit]

While Charles won several decisive battles in the Commonwealth, and ultimately secured the coronation of his ally Stanisław Leszczyński and the surrender of Saxony, the Russian Tsar Peter the Bang-up embarked on a military reform plan that improved the Russian army, using the effectively organized Swedes and other European armies as role models. Russian forces managed to penetrate Ingria, where they established a new metropolis, St. petersburg. Charles planned an invasion of the Russian heartland, allying himself with Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The size of the invading Swedish regular army was peeled off equally Charles left Leszczyński with some 24,000 German and Shine troops, parting eastwards from Saxony in late 1707 with some 35,000 men, adding a further 12,500 under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt marching from Livonia. Charles left the homeland with a defence of approximately 28,800 men, with a further 14,000 in Swedish Republic of finland, too as other garrisons in the Baltic and German language provinces.^{[12] [xiii]}

Later on securing his "favorite" victory in the Battle of Holowczyn, despite being outnumbered over 3 to one past the new Russian army, Charles opted to march eastwards on Moscow rather than try to seize Petrograd, founded from the Swedish boondocks of Nyenskans five years earlier.^[14] Peter the Great managed, all the same, to ambush Lewenhaupt's ground forces at Lesnaya before Charles could combine his forces, thus losing valuable supplies, artillery and one-half of Lewenhaupt's men. Charles' Smooth ally, Stanisław Leszczyński, was facing internal bug of his own. Charles expected the back up of a massive Cossack rebellion led by Mazepa in Ukraine, with estimates suggesting Mazepa was able to muster virtually 40,000 troops. However, the Russians subjugated the rebellion and destroyed its capital, Baturin, before the arrival of the Swedish troops. The harsh climate took its toll besides, because Charles marched his troops to winter camp in Ukraine.^[xv]

By the time of the decisive Battle of Poltava, in July 1709, Charles had been wounded, ane-third of his infantry was dead, and his supply train had been destroyed. The rex was incapacitated past a coma resulting from his injuries and was unable to lead the Swedish forces. With the numbers of Charles' army reduced to some 23,000, with many wounded or involved on the siege of Poltava, his general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld had a clearly junior force to face the fortified and modernized regular army of Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men.^[sixteen] The Swedish set on ended in disaster, and the king fled south to the Ottoman Empire with a small-scale entourage, and gear up camp at Bender with some 1,000 of his Caroleans ("Karoliner" in Swedish). The residual of the army surrendered days later at Perevolochna under Lewenhaupt'due south command, near of them (including Lewenhaupt himself) spending the rest of their days in Russian captivity.

The Swedish defeat at Poltava marked the downfall of the Swedish Empire,^[17] besides as the founding of the Russian Empire.^[18]

Exile in the Ottoman Empire [edit]

The Ottomans initially welcomed the Swedish king, where he went to Abdurrahman Pasha, the commander of the Özü Castle, as he was about to autumn into the hands of the Russian army, and he was able to have refuge in the castle at the last moment. Afterwards, he settled in Bender at the invitation of its governor, Yusuf Pasha.

In the meantime, Charles sent Stanislaw Poniatowski and Thomas Funck [sv] equally his messengers to Constantinople.^[xix] They managed to indirectly contact with Gülnuş Sultan, mother of Sultan Ahmed III, who became intrigued by Charles, in which she took an interest in his cause, and even corresponded with him in Bough.^[19]

His expenses during his long stay in the Ottoman Empire were covered by the Ottoman country budget, as part of the fixed avails (Demirbaş in Turkish), hence his nickname Demirbaş Şarl (Fixed Nugget Charles) in Turkey.^[a]

Eventually, a small hamlet named Karlstad (Varnița) had to be built about Bender to accommodate the e'er-growing Swedish population there. Sultan Ahmed 3, as a gesture to the Rex, had bought some of the Swedish women and children put up for sale past the Russians and turned them over to the Swedes, thus further strengthening the growing community of Caroleans.^[21]

Gülnuş Sultan convinced her son to declare war against Russia, every bit she thought that Charles was a man worth taking a adventure for. Afterwards, the Ottomans and Russians signed the Treaty of the Pruth and Treaty of Adrianople to end the hostilities between them. The treaties dissatisfied pro-war political party, supported by King Charles and Stanislaw Poniatowski who failed to reignite the conflict.

However, the sultan Ahmed Iii's subjects in the empire somewhen got tired of Charles' scheming. His entourage also accumulated huge amounts of debts with Bough merchants. Eventually, "crowds" of townspeople attacked the Swedish colony at Bender and Charles had to defend himself against the mobs and the Ottoman Janissaries involved. This insurgence was called "kalabalık" (Turkish for crowd) which afterwards plant a place in Swedish dictionary referring to a ruckus. The Janissaries did not shoot Charles during the skirmish at Bender, simply captured him and put him under house-arrest at Dimetoka (nowadays Didimoticho) and Constantinople. During his semi-imprisonment the Rex played chess and studied the Ottoman Navy and the naval compages of the Ottoman galleons. His sketches and designs eventually led to the famous Swedish war ships Jarramas (Yaramaz) and Jilderim (Yıldırım).^{[ commendation needed ]}

Meanwhile, Russia and Poland regained and expanded their borders. Not bad Britain, an adversary of Sweden, defected from its alliance obligations while Prussia attacked Swedish holdings in Germany. Russia occupied Finland (the Greater Wrath 1713–1721). After defeats of the Swedish army, consisting mainly of Finnish troops in the Battle of Pälkäne 1713 and the Battle of Storkyro 1714, the military, administration and clergymen escaped from Republic of finland, which barbarous nether Russian military regime.^[22]

During his five-twelvemonth stay in the Ottoman Empire, Charles XII corresponded with his sister (and eventual successor), Ulrika Eleonora. Co-ordinate to Mrs. Ragnhild Marie Hatton, a Norwegian-British historian, in some of those letters Charles expressed his desire for a peace treaty which would exist defensible in the futurity Swedish generations' eyes. However, he emphasized that but a greater respect for Sweden in Europe would enable him to achieve such a peace treaty. Meanwhile, the Swedish Quango of State (authorities) and Estates/Diet (Parliament) tried to keep the beleaguered Sweden somehow organized and independent. Eventually, in the autumn of 1714, their alert letter reached him. In it, those executive and legislative bodies told the absentee King that unless he quickly returned to Sweden, they would independently conclude an achievable peace treaty with Russia, Poland and Denmark. This stark admonition prompted Charles to rush back to Sweden.^[23]

Charles traveled dorsum to Sweden with a group of Ottomans, soldiers such every bit escorts and businessmen to whom he promised to repay his debts during his stay in the Ottoman Empire, but they had to wait several years before that happened. According to the prevailing church police in Sweden at that fourth dimension, all who lived in the land, but were non members of the Swedish state church building, would exist baptized. In order for the Jewish and Muslim creditors to avoid this, Charles wrote a "free letter" and then that they could practice their religions without being punished. The soldiers chose to remain in Sweden instead of hard trips habitation. They were called "Askersson" (the word asker in Turkish means soldier).^[24]

Pomerania and Norway [edit]

Uniform worn past Karl XII in Frederikshall on 30 November 1718. Shown in The Regal Armoury in Stockholm.

Charles agreed to leave Constantinople and returned to Swedish Pomerania. He made the journey on horseback, riding beyond Europe in just fifteen days. He traveled beyond the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to Vienna and arrived at Stralsund. A medal with Charles on horseback, his long pilus flying in the wind, was struck in 1714 to commemorate the speedy ride. It reads Was sorget Ihr doch? Gott und Ich leben noch. (What worries you so? God and I live still.). ^[25]

After five years abroad, Charles arrived in Sweden to find his homeland at war with Russia, Saxony, Hannover, Great Britain and Kingdom of denmark. Sweden'southward western enemies attacked southern and western Sweden while Russian forces traveled beyond Republic of finland to assail the Stockholm commune. For the offset time, Sweden found itself in a defensive state of war. Charles' plan was to attack Denmark by striking at her possessions in Kingdom of norway. Information technology was hoped that by cutting Kingdom of denmark's Norwegian supply lines the Danes would be compelled to withdraw their forces from Swedish Scania.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Charles invaded Kingdom of norway in 1716 with a combined force of vii,000 men. He occupied the capital of Christiania, (modern Oslo), and laid siege to the Akershus fortress there. Due to a lack of heavy siege cannons he was unable to dislodge the Norwegian forces within. After suffering meaning losses of men and materiel, Charles was forced to retreat from the capital on 29 April. In the following mid-May, Charles invaded again, this time striking the edge town of Fredrikshald, now Halden, in an try to capture the fortress of Fredriksten. The attacking Swedes came under heavy cannon burn down from the fortress and were forced to withdraw when the Norwegians set the town of Fredrikshald on burn. Swedish casualties in Fredrikshald were estimated at 500 men. While the siege at Fredrikshald was underway, the Swedish supply fleet was attacked and defeated by Tordenskjold in the Battle of Dynekilen.^[26]

In 1718 Charles one time more invaded Norway. With a main force of 40,000 men, he once again laid siege to the fortress of Fredriksten overlooking the town of Fredrikshald. Charles was shot in the head and killed during the siege, while he was inspecting trenches. The invasion was abased, and Charles' body was returned to Sweden. A second force, under Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, marched against Trondheim with ten,000 men but was forced to retreat. In the march that ensued, many of the v,800 remaining men perished in a severe winter storm.

Death [edit]

While in the trenches close to the perimeter of the fortress on xi Dec (30 November One-time Mode), 1718, Charles was struck in the caput by a projectile and killed. The shot struck the left side of his skull and exited from the right. He died instantly.^[27]

The definitive circumstances around Charles'southward death remain unclear. Despite multiple investigations of the battlefield, Charles's skull and his dress, it is not known where and when he was hit, or whether the shot came from the ranks of the enemy or from his own men.^[28] There are several hypotheses as to how Charles died, though none have potent enough evidence to exist accounted true. Although there were many people around the king at the time of his death, in that location were no known witnesses to the actual moment he was hit. A likely explanation has been that Charles was killed by Dano-Norwegians as he was within attain of their guns.^[29] At that place are 2 possibilities that are usually cited: that he was killed past a musket shot, or that he was killed by grapeshot from the nearby fortress.

More theories merits he was assassinated: One is that the killer was a Swedish compatriot and asserts that enemy guns were not firing at the fourth dimension Charles was struck.^[29] Suspects in this merits range from a nearby soldier tired of the siege and wanting to put an end to the war, to an assassinator hired past Charles'due south own brother-in-law, who profited from the outcome by subsequently taking the throne himself every bit Frederick I of Sweden, that person existence Frederick'due south adjutant-de-campsite, André Sicre. Sicre confessed during what was claimed to be a state of delirium brought on by fever but subsequently recanted.^[29] It has also been suspected that a plot to impale Charles may have been put in place by a group of wealthy Swedes who would do good from the blocking of a 17% wealth tax that Charles intended to introduce.^[29] In the Varberg Fortress museum at that place is a display with a lead filled brass button - Swedish - that is claimed by some to be the projectile that killed the rex.

Some other odd account of Charles' expiry comes from Finnish author Carl Nordling, who states that the rex's surgeon, Melchior Neumann, dreamed the rex had told him that he was not shot from the fortress but from "one who came creeping".^[29]

From the autopsy of Charles XII in 1917 ^[30]

Charles XII's sarcophagus in Riddarholmen Church building, Stockholm

Charles's body has been exhumed on iii occasions to ascertain the cause of decease; in 1746, 1859 and 1917.^[29] The 1859 exhumation found that the wound was in accordance with a shot from the Norwegian fort. In 1917, his head was photographed. Peter Englund asserted in his essay "On the expiry of Charles XII and other murders^[31]" that the mortal wound sustained by the King, with a smaller go out wound than entry wound, would be consistent with being hit by a bullet with a speed not exceeding 150 m/southward, concluding that Charles was killed past devious grapeshot from the nearby fortress.

Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. As his duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken required a male heir, Charles was succeeded equally ruler there by his cousin Gustav Leopold. Georg Heinrich von Görtz, Charles' minister, was beheaded in 1719.

Personal life [edit]

Charles never married and fathered no children of whom historians are enlightened. In his youth he was particularly encouraged to find a suitable spouse in social club to secure the succession, simply he would frequently avert the subject of sexual practice and marriage. Possible candidates included Princess Sophia Hedwig of Kingdom of denmark, Louisa Maria Stuart and Princess Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp – just of the latter he pleaded that he could never wed someone "equally ugly as Satan and with such a devilish large mouth".^[32] Instead he fabricated it clear that he would marry only someone of his own option, and for love rather than dynastic pressures. His lack of mistresses may take been due to a strong religious faith.^[33] Charles himself suggested in chat with Axel Löwen that he actively resisted any match until peace could be secured^[34] and was in some sense "married" to the military life.^{[35] [36]} But that he was "chaste" occasioned speculation in his lifetime. Rumours that he was a hermaphrodite were quelled in 1917 when his coffin was opened and he was shown to have suffered no physical irregularities.^[37]

Portrait of King Charles XII, by Michael Dahl. c. 1710 - 1717

In his conversations with Löwen, he also stated that he did not lack taste for beautiful women, simply that he held in his sexual desires for fear that they would become out of control if unchecked, and that if he committed to something like that, it would be forever.^{[34] [38]} Some historians suggest that he resisted a matrimony with Denmark which could have caused a family rift between those who dynastically favoured Holstein-Gottorp.^[39] Historians such equally Blanning and Montefiore believe he was in fact homosexual.^{[40] [41]} Certainly a letter from Reuterholm suggested that Charles had indicated a closeness to the Elector Prince of Saxony, Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental, whom Charles described as "very pretty". But writing in the 1960s, Hatton argues that Württemberg was very much heterosexual and the relationship is just every bit likely to have been that of instructor-student – suggesting instead that Charles simply had an interest in the opposite sex never consummated.^[37]

Legacy [edit]

Infrequent for abnegation from alcohol and sexual activity, he felt almost comfortable during warfare. Contemporaries report of his seemingly inhuman tolerance for pain and his utter lack of emotion. His brilliant campaigning and startling victories brought his country to the superlative of her prestige and ability, although the Smashing Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and the finish of the empire within years of his ain decease.^{[ citation needed ]}

Charles' death marked the end of autocratic kingship in Sweden, and the subsequent Age of Freedom saw a shift of power from the monarch to the parliament of the estates.^[42] Historians of the late 18th and early on 19th centuries viewed Charles' death as the event of an aristocratic plot, and Gustav IV Adolf, the rex who refused to settle with Napoleon Bonaparte, "identified himself with Charles as a type of righteous human struggling with iniquity" (Roberts).^[43] Throughout the 19th century'due south romantic nationalism Charles XII was viewed as a national hero. He was idealized as a heroic, virtuous young warrior king, and his fight against Peter the Great was associated with the gimmicky Swedish-Russian enmity.^[44] Examples of the romantic hero idolatry of Charles XII in several genres are Esaias Tegnér'southward song Kung Karl, den unge hjälte (1818), Johan Peter Molin'south statue^[44] in Stockholm's Kungsträdgården (unveiled on thirty November 1868, the 150th anniversary of Charles' death)^[45] and Gustaf Cederström'due south painting Karl XII:s likfärd ("Funeral procession of Charles XII", 1878).^[46] The appointment of Charles' death was chosen by a student association in Lund for almanac torch marches start in 1853.^[47]

In 1901, August Strindberg in his play Karl XII broke with the heroization practice, showing an introverted Charles XII in conflict with his impoverished subjects.^[48] In the so-called Strindberg feud (1910–1912), his response to the "Swedish cult of Charles XII" (Steene)^[49] was that Charles had been "Sweden's ruin, the not bad offender, a ruffian, the rowdies' idol, a counterfeiter."^[fifty] Verner von Heidenstam however, one of his opponents in the feud, in his book Karolinerna instead "emphasized the heroic steadfastness of the Swedish people in the somber years of trial during the long-drawn-out campaigns of Karl XII" (Scott).^[51]

In the 1930s, the Swedish Nazis held celebrations on the date of Charles XII'southward death, and shortly before the outbreak of World State of war Two, Adolf Hitler received from Sweden a sculpture of the king at his birthday.^[52] In the late 20th century, Swedish nationalists and neo-Nazis had again used thirty November every bit a appointment for their ceremonies, however these were regularly interrupted past larger counter-demonstrations and were abandoned.^[53]

Scientific contributions [edit]

Autonomously from being a monarch, the Rex'south interests included mathematics, and anything that would be benign to his warlike purposes. He is credited with having invented an octal numeral system, too every bit a more elaborate 1 with the base 64, which he considered more suitable for war purposes because all the boxes used for materials such as gunpowder were cubic. According to a report past gimmicky scientist Emanuel Swedenborg, the King had sketched a model of his thoughts on a piece of paper and handed it to him at their coming together in Lund in 1716. The newspaper was reportedly still in being a hundred years after merely has since been lost.^[54]

Literature [edit]

Charles fascinated many in his fourth dimension. In 1731, Voltaire wrote a biography of Charles XII, History of Charles XII. Voltaire portrays the Swedish male monarch in a positive low-cal, against the fell nature of Peter the Dandy.^[55] The English language man of letters Samuel Johnson wrote of Charles in his poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes":^{[ citation needed ]}

On what Foundation stands the warrior's pride,
How just his hopes let Swedish Charles determine;
A frame of adamant, a soul of fire,
No dangers fearfulness him, and no labours tire;
O'er love, o'er fearfulness, extends his wide domain,
Unconquered lord of pleasure and of pain;
No joys to him pacific sceptres yield;
War sounds the trump, he rushes to the field;
Behold surrounding kings their power to combine,
And 1 capitulate, and i resign;
Peace courts his mitt, only spreads her charms in vain;
"Think nothing gained", he cries, "till nought remain,
On Moscow's walls till Gothic standards wing,
And all exist mine beneath the polar sky."
The march begins in military state,
And nations on his middle suspended wait;
Stern Dearth guards the lonely coast,
And Winter barricades the realms of Frost;
He comes, non want and common cold his course delay; -
Hide, blushing Celebrity, hibernate Pultowa's day:
The vanquished hero leaves his broken bands,
And shows his miseries in afar lands;
Condemned a needy supplicant to wait,
While ladies interpose, and slaves contend.
Only did not Chance at length her error mend?
Did no subverted empire mark his end?
Did rival monarchs give the fatal wound?
Or hostile millions press him to the ground?
His fall was destined to a barren strand,
A niggling fortress, and a dubious hand;
He left the proper name, at which the world grew pale,
To signal a moral or adorn a tale.

Swedish author Frans G. Bengtsson and Professor Ragnhild Hatton have written biographies of Charles XII of Sweden.^{[56] [57] [58]}

Charles XII figures quite prominently in Robert Massie's magnum opus Peter the Keen.^[59]

Ancestors [edit]

In pop culture [edit]

He is referred to in the anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes equally the Swedish Meteor; whose similarity to Reinhard von Lohengramm may portend the dynasty dying out without a successor.

Baronial Strindberg's 1901 play Carl XII is virtually him.

The 1925 Swedish picture show Charles XII is a 2-part silent epic starring Gösta Ekman the Elder portraying his reign.

In the 1968 Shine film Hrabina Cosel, Charles XII is portrayed by Daniel Olbrychski.

In the 1983 Swedish comedy picture show Kalabaliken i Bender^[sv] , Charles XII is portrayed by Gösta Ekman the Younger.

In 2007, Charles XII was portrayed by Eduard Flerov in the Russian drama The Sovereign's Retainer.

Charles XII appears in the absurdist comedy A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Beingness (2014), in which his army passes a mod-day buffet on their manner to, and retreating from, the Boxing of Poltava. He is played past Viktor Gyllenberg.^{[60] [61]}

The Swedish ability metal band Sabaton wrote an album named later on him, which includes several songs about his life.^{[62] [63]}

Run across besides [edit]

• List of unsolved murders
• Gottorp Fury

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Demirbaş, the Turkish word for fixed asset, is literally "ironhead" (demir as "iron", baş as "caput"), which is the reason why this nickname has often been translated as Ironhead Charles. However, it should be said, that this translation is wrong and does non reverberate the truth. Although, written separately, demir baş actually means "atomic number 26 head", the whole word demirbaş ways "inventory",^[20] which reflects Charles' long stay in Ottoman Bender at expenses of sultan's exchequer.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Nordling, Carl O. "The Death of Karl XII". Archived from the original on four March 2016.
2. ^ "Karl XII (in Swedish)" (PDF). Livrustkammaren. Livrustkammaren Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
3. ^ Cronholm, Neander Nicolas (1902). "37". A history of Sweden from the primeval times to the nowadays day. New York.
4. ^ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Victor; Rubenson, Olof (1908). Svenskt Biografiskt Handlexikon – Uggleupplagan [Swedish Biographical Dictionary – The Owl Edition] 2nd Edition (In Swedish). Albert Bonniers Förlag. OCLC 49695435.
5. ^ "Sweden and Finland. Titles of European hereditary rulers". eurulers.altervista.org . Retrieved 28 Apr 2016.
6. ^ Article Karl in Nordisk familjebok.
7. ^ William Pembroke Fetridge (1875). The American Traveller's Guide: Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East : Being a Guide Through Corking Uk and Ireland, France, Kingdom of belgium, Holland, Germany, Italia, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Kingdom of norway, Sweden, Russia, and Spain. p. 829.
8. ^ ^{a b} Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2015). Wars That Inverse History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–93. ISBN9781610697866.
9. ^ Thomas Derry, History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland (2000), p. 154.
10. ^ Richard Cavendish, "The Boxing of Narva." History Today l#11 (2000): fifty+.
11. ^ Renata Tyszczuk (2007). The Story of an Architect Male monarch: Stanislas Leszczynski in Lorraine 1737-1766. Peter Lang. p. 34. ISBN9783039103249.
12. ^ Karoliner past Alf Åberg, p. 117.
13. ^ Karl XII by Bengt Liljegren, pp. 151 and 163.
14. ^ Svenska slagfält, page 280.
15. ^ Svenska folkets underbara öden, volume four by Carl Grimberg, about the numbers of Mazepa's army.
16. ^ Bra Böckers Lexikon, the article of Karl XII.
17. ^ Kalevi Jaakko Holsti (1991). Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Club, 1648-1989. p. 69. ISBN9780521399296.
18. ^ Dominic Lieven (2006). The Cambridge History of Russian federation: Book 2, Imperial Russia, 1689-1917. p. 29. ISBN9780521815291.
19. ^ ^{a b} Herman Lindquist (in Swedish): Historian om Sverige. Storhet och Fall. (History of Sweden. Greatness and fall) 91-7263-092-2 (2000) Nordstedts förlag, Stockholm
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22. ^ Zetterberg, Seppo (1987). Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. p. 265. ISBN978-951-0-14253-0.
23. ^ R.Thou. Hatton, Charles XII of Sweden, London, 1968; Seppo Zetterberg et al. (eds.), A Pocket-sized Giant (Compendium) of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. 2nd edition. Helsinki, Finland, 2003)
24. ^ Friberg, Henrik (23 September 2015). "Redan Karl XII godkände muslimska gudstjänster". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish).
25. ^ Wilson, Peter Hamish. High german armies. War and High german politics, 1648-1806. Warfare and history. p. 140. ISBN1-85728-106-3.
26. ^ "Karl XIIs felttog i Norge". nb.no.
27. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally championship (link)
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29. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Mike Dash (17 September 2012). "Past Imperfect". Smithsonian Magazine.
30. ^ Dash, Mike. "The Blazing Career and Mysterious Decease of "The Swedish Meteor"". Smithsonian . Retrieved 24 December 2017.
31. ^ Förflutenhetens landskap ("The Landscape of Times Past") (1991), drove of essays, pp. 126–129.
32. ^ R. M. Hatton, Charles XII of Sweden, 1968, p. 89.
33. ^ Frans Bengtsson, The Life of Charles XII, p. 38.
34. ^ ^{a b} Liljegren, Karl XII: en biografi.
35. ^ R. Yard. Hatton, Charles XII of Sweden, 1968, p. 210.
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37. ^ ^{a b} R. M. Hatton, Charles XII of Sweden, 1968, p. 219.
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53. ^ "Karl XII-firare ligger lågt i år". DN. 27 November 2011. "Nationalists abandon 'warrior king' anniversary". TheLOcal. 28 Nov 2011. On the use of Charles XII by nationalists and Nazis in general "Om den 30 november". Peter Englund, in Expressen 30 November 1994. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012.
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Further reading [edit]

• Bain, Robert Nisbet. Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682-1719 (1899) online.
• Bengtsson, F. G. The Life of Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697-1718 (1960). also published every bit The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden (St. Martin'south Press 1960).
• Browning, Oscar. Charles XII of Sweden (London: Hurst and Blackett,1899).
• Fielding, Henry (Translator), The Armed forces History of Charles XII. King of Sweden, Written by the Limited Order of His Majesty, by 1000. Gustavus Adlerfeld, to Which Is Added, an Exact Account of the Boxing of Pultowa, Illustrated with Plans in Iii Volumes (London: printed for J. and P. Knapton; J. Hodges; A. Millar; and J. Nourse, 1740). Reprinted by Gale Ecco, Print Editions (2010).
• Gade, John (Translator), Charles the 12th King of Sweden: Translated from the manuscript of Carl Gustafson Klingspor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Reprinted by Merkaba Press (2017).
• Glaeser, Michael. By Defeating My Enemies: Charles XII of Sweden and the Slap-up Northern War, 1682-1721 (Helion & Co Ltd, 2020).
• Hattendorf, J. B., Åsa Karlsson, Margriet Lacy-Bruijn, Augustus J. Veenendaal Jr., and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier, Charles XII: Warrior King (Rotterdam: Karwansaray, 2018).
• Hatton, R. M. Charles XII of Sweden (1968).
• Strop, Michael. Charles XII of Sweden: Versus Peter the Great of Russia (Createspace Independent Pub., 2016).
• Peterson, Gary Dean. Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (McFarland, 2007).
• Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de. History of Charles XII, King of Sweden (translated by W.H. Dilworth, 1760). Reprinted by True World of Books (2020).

External links [edit]

• Media related to Charles XII of Sweden at Wikimedia Commons

• The Swedish Meteor: the blazing career and mysterious death of Charles XII Smithsonian summary of bump-off theories.
• Charles XII: on the centenary of his expiry 1818 The original Swedish text past Esaias Tegner, also as parallel translations past J.E.D.Bethune (1848) and Charles Harrison-Wallace (1998) and a comment by the latter.
• The Great Northern War and Charles XII
• Charles XII and his Life and Death (in Swedish)
• BBC News detail: Who killed Sweden's Warrior King?
• Timeline of 1700–1720 in Sweden
• "Charles XII". The New Student'due south Reference Work. 1914.
• "Charles XII.". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• "Charles XII.". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

Charles XII of Sweden House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken Cadet branch of the House of Wittelsbach Born: 17 June 1682 Died: 30 November 1718
Regnal titles
Preceded past Charles Eleven	King of Sweden Knuckles of Bremen and Verden 1697–1718	Succeeded by Ulrika Eleonora
	Knuckles of Palatine Zweibrücken 1697–1718	Succeeded past Gustav Samuel Leopold

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